Nerve

Nerve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nerves (yellow)






A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (the long, slender projection of a neuron). Neurons are sometimes called nerve cells, though this term is technically imprecise since many neurons do not form nerves, and nerves also include the non-axon glial cells that ensheath the axons in myelin.









Anatomy
Nerves are part of the Peripheral Nervous System . Afferent nerves convey sensory signals to the Central Nervous System, for example from skin or organs, while efferent nerves conduct stimulatory signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. Afferent and efferent axons are often arranged together, forming mixed nerves. For example, the median nerve controls motor and sensory function in the hand.

Billions of long nerve cells, called neurons, make up the body's nervous system. Neurons receive and transmit chemical-electrical messages to and from the brain. Each neuron is long and thin. One end receives messages and the other transmits the message to the next neuron. The messages "jump" across a gap from one neuron cell to another.
Each peripheral nerve is covered externally by a dense sheath of connective tissue, the epineurium. Underlying this is a layer of flat cells forming a complete sleeve, the perineurium. Perineurial septae extend into the nerve and subdivide it into several bundles of fibres. Surrounding each such fibre is the endoneurial sheath. This forms an unbroken tube which extends from the surface of the spinal cord to the level at which the axon synapses with its muscle fibres or ends in sensory receptors. The endoneurial sheath consists of an inner sleeve of material called the glycocalyx and an outer, delicate, meshwork of collagen fibres. Peripheral nerves are richly supplied with blood.

Most nerves connect to the Central Nervous System through the spinal cord. The twelve cranial nerves, however, connect directly to parts of the brain. Spinal nerves are given letter-number combinations according to the vertebra through which they connect to the spinal column. Cranial nerves are assigned numbers, usually expressed as Roman numerals from I to XII. In addition, most major nerves have descriptive names. Inside the central nervous system, distinguishable bundles of axons are termed tracts rather than nerves.

The signals that nerves carry, sometimes called nerve impulses, are also known as action potentials. These are rapidly (up to 120 m/s) traveling electrical waves, which typically begin in the cell body of a neuron and propagate down the axon to its tip or "terminus." The signals cross over from the terminus of the axon to the adjacent neurotransmitter receptor through a gap called the synapse. Motor neurons innervate or activate muscles groups.

Clinical importance
Damage to nerves can be caused by physical injury, swelling (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome), autoimmune diseases (e.g. Guillain-Barre Syndrome), infection (neuritis), Diabetes, or failure of the blood vessels surrounding the nerve. A pinched nerve occurs when pressure is placed on a nerve, usually from swelling due to an injury or pregnancy. Nerve damage or pinched nerves are usually accompanied by pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis. Patients may feel these symptoms in areas far from the actual site of damage, a phenomenon called referred pain. Referred pain occurs because when a nerve is damaged, signalling is defective from all parts of the area from which the nerve receives input, not just the site of the damage. Neurologists usually diagnose disorders of the nerves by a physical examination, including the testing of reflexes, walking and other directed movements, muscle weakness, proprioception, and the sense of touch. This initial exam can be followed with tests such as nerve conduction study and electromyography (EMG).

See also
Nervous System
Dermatome (Anatomy)
Nerve injury

Additional images






Peripheral nerve, cross section

v • d • eNerves:
spinal nerves
Cervical (8)
C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital - C1, Greater occipital - C2, Third occipital - C3)
Thoracic (12)
T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves)
Lumbar (5)
L1, L2, L3, L4, L5anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3)
Sacral (5)
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves)
Coccygeal (1)
anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve)

v • d • eNerves of head and neck:
the cranial nerves
olfactory (AON->I)
olfactory bulb - olfactory tract
optic (LGN->II)
optic chiasm - optic tract
oculomotor (ON,EWN->III)
superior branch (parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion/ciliary ganglion) - inferior branch
trochlear (TN->IV)
no significant branches
trigeminal (PSN,TSN,MN,TMN->V)
trigeminal ganglion • ophthalmic • maxillary • mandibular
abducens (AN->VI)
no significant branches
facial (FMN,SN,SSN->VII)
near origin
nervus intermedius • geniculate
inside facial canal
greater petrosal (pterygopalatine ganglion) - nerve to the stapedius - chorda tympani (lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion)
at stylomastoid foramen
posterior auricular - suprahyoid (digastric, stylohyoid) - parotid plexus (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical)
vestibulocochlear (VN,CN->VIII)
cochlear (striae medullares, lateral lemniscus) • vestibular (Scarpa's ganglion)
glossopharyngeal (NA,ISN,SN->IX)
before jugular fossa
ganglia (superior, inferior)
after jugular fossa
tympanic (tympanic plexus, lesser petrosal, otic ganglion) • stylopharyngeal branch • pharyngeal branches • tonsillar branches • lingual branches • carotid sinus
vagus (NA,DNVN,SN->X)
before jugular fossa
ganglia (superior, inferior)
after jugular fossa
meningeal branch - auricular branch
neck
pharyngeal branch (pharyngeal plexus) - superior laryngeal (external, internal) - recurrent laryngeal (inferior) - superior cervical cardiac
thorax
inferior cardiac - pulmonary - vagal trunks (anterior, posterior)
abdomen
celiac - renal - hepatic - anterior gastric - posterior gastric
accessory (NA,SAN->XI)
cranial - spinal
hypoglossal (HN->XII)
lingual branches

v • d • eNerves of head and neck: the cervical plexus (C1-C4)
superficial
C2-C3: Lesser occipital • Greater auricular • Transverse cervicalC3-C4: Supraclavicular
deep
C1-C3: Ansa cervicalis (superior root, inferior root)C3-C5: Phrenic

v • d • eNerves of upper limbs (primarily): the brachial plexus (C5-T1)
Supraclavicular
root (dorsal scapular, long thoracic) - upper trunk (suprascapular, to the subclavius)
Infraclavicular: lateral cord
lateral pectoral
musculocutaneous (lateral cutaneous of forearm)median/lateral root: anterior interosseous - palmar - recurrent - common palmar digital (proper palmar digital)
Infraclavicular: medial cord
medial pectoral
cutaneous: medial cutaneous of forearm • medial cutaneous of arm
ulnar: muscular - palmar - dorsal (dorsal digital nerves) - superficial (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deepmedian/medial root: see above
Infraclavicular: posterior cord
subscapular (upper, lower) • thoracodorsal
axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm)radial: muscular - cutaneous (posterior of arm, inferior lateral of arm, posterior of forearm) - superficial (dorsal digital nerves) - deep (posterior interosseous)
Other
cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs

v • d • eNerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion)
Head/cranial
Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canalbranches of distribution: greater palatine (inferior posterior nasal branches) - lesser palatine - nasopalatine (medial superior posterior nasal branches) - pharyngeal
Submandibular ganglionOtic ganglion
Neck/cervical
paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglionprevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid
Chest/thorax
paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia
prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus
splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoraciccardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior
Abdomen/Lumbar
paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion
prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal)
splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nervesenteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus
Pelvis/sacral
paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion imparsplanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves
All
Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers

v • d • eNerves of lower limbs and lower torso: the lumbosacral plexus (L1-Co)
lumbar plexus (L1-L4)
iliohypogastric: lateral cutaneous branch - anterior cutaneous branch
ilioinguinal: anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀
genitofemoral: femoral branch/lumboinguinal - genital branch
lateral cutaneous of thigh: patellar
obturator: anterior (cutaneous) - posterior - accessoryfemoral: anterior cutaneous branches - saphenous (infrapatellar, medial crural cutaneous)
sacral plexus (L4-S4)
sciatic
common fibular: lateral sural cutaneous (sural communicating branch) - deep fibular (lateral terminal branch, medial terminal branch, dorsal digital) - superficial fibular (medial dorsal cutaneous, intermediate dorsal cutaneous, dorsal digital)
tibial: medial sural cutaneous - medial calcaneal - medial plantar (common plantar digital nerves, proper plantar digital) - lateral plantar (deep branch, superficial branch, common plantar digital, proper plantar digital)sural: lateral dorsal cutaneous - lateral calcaneal
other
muscular: superior gluteal/inferior gluteal - lateral rotator group (to quadratus femoris, to obturator internus, to the piriformis)cutaneous: posterior cutaneous of thigh (inferior cluneal, perineal branches) - perforating cutaneous
coccygeal plexus (S4-Co)
pudendal: inferior anal - perineal (deep, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀anococcygeal
cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve"
Categories: Nervous system Neuroanatomy

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Nervous System

Nervous system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Neuroscience Portal
The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. Neurons are interconnected to each other in complex arrangements, and have the property of conducting, using electrochemical signals, a great variety of stimuli both within the nervous tissue as well as from and towards most of the other tissues. Thus, neurons coordinate multiple functions in organisms. Nervous systems are found in many multicellular animals but differ greatly in complexity between species.[1]

The Human Nervous System





Red is CNS and blue is PNS.














Nervous system in humans
The human nervous system can be observed both with gross anatomy, (which describes the parts that are large enough to be seen with the plain eye,) and microanatomy, (which describes the system at a cellular level.) At gross anatomy, the nervous system can be grouped in distinct organs, these being actually stations which the neural pathways cross through. Thus, with a didactical purpose, these organs, according to their ubication, can be divided in two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).[2]

Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord. The CNS is contained within the dorsal cavity, with the brain within the cranial cavity, and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity. The CNS is covered by the meninges. The brain is also protected by the skull, and the spinal cord is also protected by the vertebrae. The nervous system can be connected into many systems that can function together. The two systems are central nervous system (CNS)and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Centralnervoussystem
Brain
Prosencephalon
Telencephalon
Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Neocortex, Lateral ventricles
Diencephalon
Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Third ventricle
Brain stem
Mesencephalon
Tectum, Cerebral peduncle, Pretectum, Mesencephalic duct
Rhombencephalon
Metencephalon
Pons, Cerebellum,
Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system
Main article: Peripheral Nervous System
The PNS consists of all the other nervous structures that do not lie within it. The large majority of what are commonly called nerves (which are actually axonal processes of nerve cells) are considered to be PNS.

Microanatomy
The nervous system is, on a small scale, primarily made up of neurons. However, glial cells also play a major role.

Neurons
Main article: Neuron
They are the core components of both the central nervous system & peripheral nervous system. Neurons are sensors that send electric messages to the Central Nervous System which send the electric messages back to the neurons telling them how to react, where the messages are finally sent back directly to the brain. These messages travel at a usual pace of 100 meters per second.

Glial cells
Main article: Glial cell
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.[3]
Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons. They are thus known as the "glue" of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.

Physiological division
A less anatomical but much more functional division of the human nervous system is that classifying it according to the role that the different neural pathways play, regardless whether these cross through the CNS or the PNS:

• 
  The somatic nervous system is responsible for coordinating the body's movements, and also for receiving external stimuli. It is the system that regulates activities that are under conscious control.
• The autonomic nervous system is then split into the sympathetic division, parasympathetic division, and enteric division. The sympathetic nervous system responds to impending danger or stress, and is responsible for the increase of one's heartbeat and blood pressure, among other physiological changes, along with the sense of excitement one feels due to the increase of adrenaline in the system. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is evident when a person is resting and feels relaxed, and is responsible for such things as the constriction of the pupil, the slowing of the heart, the dilation of the blood vessels, and the stimulation of the digestive and genitourinary systems. The role of the enteric nervous system is to manage every aspect of digestion, from the esophagus to the stomach, small intestine and colon.

In turn, these pathways can be divided according to the direction in which they conduct stimuli:

• Afferent system by sensory neurons, which carry impulses from a receptor to the CNS
• Efferent system by motor neurons, which carry impulses from the CNS to an effector
• Relay system by relay neurons (also called interneurons), which transmit impulses between the sensory and motor neurones.

A useful mnemonic to remember the nature of Afferent vs Efferent is SAME DAVE: Sensory Afferent, Motor Efferent; Dorsal Afferent, Ventral Efferent

However, there are relay neurons in the CNS as well.

The junction between two neurones is called a synapse. There is a very narrow gap (about 20nm in width) between the neurons - the synaptic cleft, where an action potential is transmitted from one neuron to a neighboring one. They do this by relaying the message with the use of neurotransmitters which the next neuron then receives the electrical signal, known as a nerve impulse. The nerve impulse is determined by the neurotransmitter to then carry the message to its appropriate destination. These nerve impulses are a change in ion balance in the nerve cell, which the central nervous system can then interpret. The fact that the nervous system uses a mixture of electrical and chemical signals makes it incredibly fast, which is necessary to acknowledge the presence of danger. For example, a hand touching a hot stove. If the nervous system was only comprised of chemical signals, the body would not tell the arm to move fast enough to escape dangerous burns. So the speed of the nervous system is a necessity for life.

Physiological division

Somatic nervous system

• Afferent system
• Efferent system

Autonomic nervous system

• Sympathetic
• Afferent system
• Efferent system

Parasympathetic

• Afferent system
• Efferent system

Development
Main article: Neural development in humans
Some landmarks of embryonic neural development include the birth and differentiation of neurons from stem cell precursors, the migration of immature neurons from their birthplaces in the embryo to their final positions, outgrowth of axons from neurons and guidance of the motile growth cone through the embryo towards postsynaptic partners, the generation of synapses between these axons and their postsynaptic partners, and finally the lifelong changes in synapses which are thought to underlie learning and memory.

Importance
Many people have lost basic motor skills and other skills because of spinal chord injuries. If this portion is damaged, the biggest nerve and the most important one gets damaged. This leads to paralysis or other permanent damages.


The nervous system is able to make basic motor skills and other skills possible. The basic 5 senses of texture, taste, sight, smell,and hearing are powered by the nervous system. If disabled, basic motor skills may be lost.

Development
Main article: Neural development
Neural development in most species have many similarities neural development in humans.

References
^ "Nervous System". Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press. Retrieved on 4/1/08.
^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall, 132-144. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
^ sfn.org Society for Neuroscience, 2000

[edit] External links
Neuroscience for Kids
The Human Brain Project Homepage
Kimball's Biology Pages, CNS
Kimball's Biology Pages, PNS
[show]
v • d • eSystems and systems science
Systems categories
Conceptual systems · Physical systems · Social systems · Systems · Systems theory · Systems science · Systems scientists
Systems
Biological system · Complex system · Complex adaptive system · Conceptual system · Cultural system · Dynamical system · Economic system · Ecosystem · Formal system · Global Positioning System · Human anatomy · Information systems · Legal systems of the world · Living systems · Systems of measurement · Metric system · Multi-agent system · Nervous system · Nonlinearity · Operating system · Physical system · Political system · Sensory system · Social structure · Solar System · Systems art
Theoretical fields
Chaos theory · Complex systems · Control theory · Cybernetics · Scientific holism · Sociotechnical systems theory · Systems biology · System dynamics · Systems ecology · Systems engineering · Systems psychology · Systems science · Systems theory
Systems scientists
Russell L. Ackoff · William Ross Ashby · Gregory Bateson · Stafford Beer · Ludwig von Bertalanffy · Kenneth E. Boulding · Peter Checkland · C. West Churchman · Heinz von Foerster · Charles François · Jay Wright Forrester · Ralph W. Gerard · Debora Hammond · George Klir · Niklas Luhmann · Humberto Maturana · Donella Meadows · Mihajlo D. Mesarovic · Howard T. Odum · Talcott Parsons · Ilya Prigogine · Anatol Rapoport · Francisco Varela · John N. Warfield · Norbert Wiener
[show]
v • d • eHuman organ systems
Cardiovascular system • Digestive system • Endocrine system • Immune system • Integumentary system • Lymphatic system • Muscular system • Nervous system • Reproductive system • Respiratory system • Skeletal system • Urinary system
[show]
v • d • eNervous system
Central nervous system
Brain • Spinal cord
Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic • Parasympathetic
Other
Peripheral nervous system • Somatic nervous system • Enteric nervous system • Sensory system
[show]
v • d • eNervous system, receptors: somatosensory system
Medial lemniscus
Touch/mechanoreceptors: Pacinian corpuscles • Meissner's corpuscles • Merkel's discs • Ruffini endings • Free nerve endings • Hair cells • Baroreceptor
Proprioception: Golgi organ • Muscle spindle (Intrafusal muscle fiber • Nuclear chain fiber • Nuclear bag fiber)
Spinothalamic tract
Pain: Nociception and Nociceptors
Temperature: Thermoreceptors
[show]
v • d • eHistology: nervous tissue
Neurons (gray matter)
soma, axon (axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, neurofibril/neurofilament), dendrite (Nissl body, dendritic spine, apical dendrite, basal dendrite)types (bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar, pyramidal, Purkinje, granule)
Afferent nerve/Sensory nerve/Sensory neuron
GSA, GVA, SSA, SVA, fibers (Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain)
Efferent nerve/Motor nerve/Motor neuron
GSE, GVE, SVE, Upper motor neuron, Lower motor neuron (α motorneuron, γ motorneuron)
Synapses
neuropil, synaptic vesicle, neuromuscular junction, electrical synapse - Interneuron (Renshaw)
Sensory receptors
Free nerve ending, Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel nerve ending, Muscle spindle, Pacinian corpuscle, Ruffini ending, Olfactory receptor neuron, Photoreceptor cell, Hair cell, Taste bud
Glial cells
astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, microglia, radial glia
Myelination (white matter)
Schwann cell, oligodendrocyte, nodes of Ranvier, internode, Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, neurolemma
Related connective tissues
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, nerve fascicle, meninges
[show]
v • d • eNervous system physiology: neurophysiology
Evoked potential
Bereitschaftspotential - P300 - Auditory evoked potential - Somatosensory evoked potentials - Somatosensory evoked potentials - Visual evoked potential - Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Reflex
Baroreflex - Acoustic reflex - H-reflex - Oculocardiac reflex - Pupillary reflex - Stretch reflex - Vestibulo-ocular reflex - Startle reaction
Other
Arousal (Wakefulness) - Axoplasmic transport - Intracranial pressure - Chronaxie - Lateralization of brain function - Membrane potential - Action potential - Nerve regeneration - Long-term potentiation - Sensation - Sleep - Neurotransmission
[show]
v • d • ePathology of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G00-G47, 320-349)
Inflammatory diseasesof the CNS
Meningitis (Arachnoiditis) - Encephalitis - Myelitis - Encephalomyelitis (Acute disseminated) - Tropical spastic paraparesis
Systemic atrophiesprimarily affecting the CNS
Huntington's disease - Spinocerebellar ataxia (Friedreich's ataxia, Ataxia telangiectasia, Hereditary spastic paraplegia) -Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy - Spinal muscular atrophy: Werdnig-Hoffman disease - Kugelberg-Welander disease - Fazio Londe syndrome -MND (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), Progressive bulbar, Pseudobulbar, PLS)
Extrapyramidal andmovement disorders
Parkinson's disease - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - Postencephalitic parkinsonism - Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration - Progressive supranuclear palsy - Striatonigral degeneration - Dystonia/Dyskinesia (Spasmodic torticollis, Meige's syndrome, Blepharospasm) - Essential tremor - Myoclonus - Lafora disease - Chorea (Choreoathetosis) - Restless legs syndrome - Stiff person syndrome
Other degenerative /demyelinating diseases
Alzheimer's disease - Pick's disease - Alpers' disease - Dementia with Lewy bodies - Leigh's disease - Multiple sclerosis - Devic's disease - Central pontine myelinolysis - Transverse myelitis
Seizure/epilepsy
Focal (Simple partial, Complex partial) - Generalised (Tonic-clonic, Absence, Atonic, Benign familial neonatal) - Lennox-Gastaut - West - Epilepsia partialis continua - Status epilepticus (Complex partial status epilepticus)
Headache
Migraine (Familial hemiplegic) - Cluster - Vascular - Tension
Vascular
Transient ischemic attack (Amaurosis fugax, Transient global amnesia) - Cerebrovascular disease (MCA, ACA, PCA, Foville's syndrome, Millard-Gubler syndrome, Lateral medullary syndrome, Weber's syndrome, Lacunar stroke)
Sleep disorders
Insomnia - Hypersomnia - Sleep apnea (Ondine's curse) - Narcolepsy - Cataplexy - Kleine-Levin syndrome - Circadian rhythm sleep disorder - Delayed sleep phase syndrome - Advanced sleep phase syndrome
Other
Hydrocephalus (Normal pressure) - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - Encephalopathy - Brain herniation - Cerebral edema - Reye's syndrome - Syringomyelia - Syringobulbia - Spinal cord compression
[show]
v • d • ePrenatal development/Mammalian development of nervous system
General neural development/neurulation/neurula
Notochord - Neuroectoderm - Neural plate - Neural folds - Neural groove
Neural crest - Neural tube (Neuromere/Rhombomere, Cephalic flexure)Alar plate - Basal plate
Eye development
Optic vesicles - Optic stalk - Optic cup - Lens placode
Auditory development
Auditory vesicle - Auditory pit
[show]
v • d • eSurgery, Nervous system: neurosurgical procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 01-05)
Skull, brain, and cerebral meninges
Craniotomy - Decompressive craniectomy - Lobotomy - Hemispherectomy - Ventriculostomy - Anterior temporal lobectomy
Spinal cord and spinal canal
Spinal cord and roots (Cordotomy - Rhizotomy) - Intervertebral discs (Discectomy - Intervertebral disc annuloplasty - Intervertebral disc arthroplasty) - Vertebral bones (Laminotomy - Laminectomy - Laminoplasty - Corpectomy - Facetectomy - Foraminotomy - Vertebral fusion - Vertebral fixation) - Lumbar puncture
Cranial and peripheral nerves
Ganglionectomy - Nerve block
Sympathetic nerves or ganglia
Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy
Other
Axotomy - Hypophysectomy - Vagotomy
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system"
Categories: Nervous system
Hidden category: Articles needing additional references from November 2007

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